thermodynamics

further chem
internal energy is represented by

• total energy contained within a system
• sum of kinetic, potential energies (thermal translational, rotational, vibrational)
• as well as chemical bond energy

where represents heat flow

assuming that work is the only work possible:

in a closed vessel, , so , amount of heat transferred from the system to the surroundings or vice versa

at constant pressure, $$
q_{P}=\Delta U+P\Delta V

\begin{gather}
H=U+PV\\Delta H=\Delta U+\Delta(PV)=\Delta U+P\Delta V
\end{gather}

\Delta H^{\ominus}(A\overset{}\longrightarrow{} B)=-\Delta H^{\ominus}(B\overset{}\longrightarrow{} A)

\Delta_{r}H^{\ominus}=\sum_{\text{products}}\nu H^{\ominus}{\text{m}}-\sum{\text{reactants}}\nu H_{\text{m}}

\Delta_{r}H^{\ominus}=\sum_{\text{products}}\nu H^{\ominus}{\text{f}}-\sum{\text{reactants}}\nu H_{\text{f}}