phase diagrams

further chem

on phase boundaries, (equilibrium exists)

clausius clapeyron can be used…

considering two phases and and two points on their phase boundary:

when justifying why gradient of left line is negative in water:

• pick constant temperature, then justify using kinetic model
• as pressure increases, distance between molecules decreases
• 4 hydrogen bonds around each water in ice
• 3 around each in water