carbonyl

further chem
carbonyl group is reactive because of polarisation of double bond, which skews the π* orbital towards the carbon, giving it a slight positive charge, attracting nucleophiles

• when an electron pair from a nucleophile approaches, it attacks the π* orbital, breaking the π bond
• electrons from π bond goes on oxygen because of higher electronegativity

when carbon is linked to 2 heteroatoms, the lone pair on one can kick the other atom out

grignard

carbonyl

• formation of imine from ketone

CC(=O)C

+ tautomerisation

CC(O)(N)C

CC(=N)C

CC(N)=C

CC(=O)C

+

imine vs enamine

2 heteroatoms on carbon:

• one lone pair on one atom can kick out the other
• nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, so oxygen will become water and leave